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  • SDG 16: Perdamaian Keadilan dan Kelembagaan yang Tangguh
  • SDG 16: Perdamaian Keadilan dan Kelembagaan yang Tangguh
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SDG 16: Perdamaian Keadilan dan Kelembagaan yang Tangguh

Kajian Vol.11: Sports Economics: Exploring the Football Player Market in Indonesia’s Super League

Ekonomi PublikEkonomika KeolahragaanEkonomika KetenagakerjaanKajianPublikasi Jumat, 5 Desember 2025

Authors:

Jeremy Nathanael Zefanya, Ahmad Zufar Robbani, Qisha Quarina

Bidang Kajian Microeconomics Dashboard 2025

Executive Summary

  • Indonesia’s Super League has experienced growth, marked by rising fan engagement, increasing club valuations, and expanding recruitment of foreign players. The league operates within a hierarchical football structure that mirrors global labour market patterns, where economic inequality, segmented mobility, and regulatory constraints shape player careers and club strategies.
  • This study aims to analyze the economic dynamics of the Indonesian Super League by examining league hierarchy status, regulatory frameworks, and the determinants of  market value. It also seeks to contextualize Indonesia’s football labour market within global patterns of player migration and performance-based valuation.
  • The analysis reveals a clear financial hierarchy between Super League and Liga 2, with Liga 1 clubs holding significantly larger valuations and stronger institutional capacity. Short-term PKWT contracts expose players to wage risks, making legal protections under Indonesia’s Manpower Law and National Sports System Law crucial for safeguarding workers’ rights. 
  • Player market value is primarily influenced by performance metrics such as goals and assists, as well as human capital factors including age and position. Younger players and high-performing foreign players, command higher valuations, while age and disciplinary records reduce market value
  • Indonesia’s Super League presents a high-opportunity for economic analysis, shaped by financial disparities, uneven contract enforcement, and structural segmentation that influence player valuation and mobility. These conditions highlight the need for further research on wage determination, institutional quality, and how governance and investment patterns shape the broader football labour market
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    Kajian Vol.10: Labour Economics – The Vulnerability of Fixed-Term Contract Workers in Indonesia

    Ekonomi PublikEkonomika KependudukanEkonomika KetenagakerjaanKajianPenelitian Senin, 27 Oktober 2025

    Authors:

    Raniah Salsabila, Owen Alberto Liem, Nadya Zahra Prasetio, Nawfal Aulia, Qisha Quarina

    Bidang Kajian Microeconomics Dashboard 2025


    Executive Summary

  • In Indonesia, work agreements are divided into 2 (two), i.e. fixed-term contract (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu/PKWT) and indefinite-term contract (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tidak Tertentu/PKWTT).
  • The implementing regulations for work agreements are contained in the Law No. 13/2003 on Employment, which was later amended through Law No. 11/2020 on Job Creation or the Omnibus Law, and Government Regulation No. 35/2021.
  • There are differences between the two work agreements, i.e. the length of service, nature of work, employment rights, and employment protection for workers.
  • Despite being eligible to the same social protection programs, fixed-term contract workers are prone to risks due to the limited nature of the work agreement, lack of labour regulations, restricted social program coverage, and susceptibility to income exploitation.
  • Specifically, only a small portion of PKWT workers are covered by employment insurance programs despite being eligible for the programs, indicating the mismatch between regulations and company policies.
  • Demographically, PKWT workers tend to be younger and less educated than the PKWTT workers.
  • The number of workers experiencing termination of employment has increased from year to year with PKWT workers being more vulnerable to termination of employment.
  • In addition, compared to the PKWTT workers, the PKWT workers have a higher percentage of no engagement in the labour union, implying that PKWT workers have a lower incidence of social dialogue in the labour market.
  • Lastly, most PKWT workers lie within the lower income deciles (within the 1st-5th decile), placing them in a financially vulnerable segment of society.
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